In this paper I present the main contribution of classical developmentalism and
new developmentalism to economics and political economy. These theoretical frameworks
are complementary, not competitive, thus I don’t compare them, I only express a few critiques
of one to the other theory. In the case of new-developmental theory, the contributions
to economics are presented step by step. The paper rejects the usual critique that it is conservative;
on the contrary, it is progressive adopting the well-known tools to achieve the reduction
of inequality.

JEL Classification: O01; O04.

The object of this essay is to analyze the world order that was put in place at the
end of World War II and examine how it has unfolded in terms of experience since then. It
outlines the broad contours of change, which reflect shifts in the balance of economic power
in the world, analyzes the evolution of the present world order since it came into existence,
divided into three phases each with a time span of a quarter century, and highlights some important manifestations of the multiple crises in the existing world order, to discuss possible
future scenarios for 2050. In doing so, it asks four questions. Are we witnessing the beginnings
of a transformative change in the world order? Are we at the cusp of an emerging bipolar
world order, with the United States and China as the two superpowers? Are we moving
towards a multi-polar world, in which there will be another 8-10 countries that are also
key players? Are we going to live with a fluid situation and a de facto continuation of Pax
Americana? The most probable outcome, the essay concludes, is that the existing world order,
essentially the default option, will continue.

JEL Classification: F52; F53; F54; F55; N0; N4.

After almost 80 years of the IMF’s existence, the distribution of influence in key
decisions is still much as it was at the organization’s founding in 1945, during the era of
Western colonialism – still mostly in the hands of a small set of high-income nation. It is as
though the emerging “multipolarity” of the world order had not taken place. This essay sets
out the imbalance between the relative “weight” of a country (or set of countries) in the
world economy and the relative weight in Fund governance. After explaining the quota system and other determinants of influence (including occupancy of positions) and the history
of failed attempts to change the distribution of influence, the essay outlines several measures
of incremental reform which would not challenge the US, European, and Japanese grip on
institution but still improve the way it works in practice and also benefit the smaller and
poorer member countries in particular. However, without more radical shifts in the distribution
of influence, the answer to our title question is, probably not.

JEL Classification: F00; F02; F30; F33.

Getulio Vargas was one of the main Brazilian presidents to be labeled as populist,
even in literature, with a greater emphasis on politics than on the economy. The hypothesis
adopted, confirmed by research, is that the economic policy practiced by the Vargas government
during the Estado Novo did not exhibit the behavior predicted by economic
populism models. The investigation was based on the analysis of speeches delivered by
Vargas and his Minister of Finance, Artur de Souza Costa, and the examination of the outcomes
of their economic measures, especially those related to public finances and inflation.

JEL Classification: H11; H50; N46.

Based on the centrality that gender assumes for the construction of historical
knowledge, this paper intends to contribute to the rescue of both economic problems sensitive
to women and the works of women economists previously relegated to oblivion. The
“superfluous women” and Langham Place’s “invisible economists” are, respectively, the question
and the characters forgotten by the history of economic thought on which we will focus.
Following the Foucauldian analytical approach proposed by the historian Joan Scott, our
goal is to retell this history in light of the politics of the gender system.

JEL Classification: B31; B54.

In its origins, economic science was marked by an intense dialogue with other areas
of knowledge. As it developed, however, the so-called “scientific” model of economics
came to predominate, whose scope was characterised by a formalist methodological perspective,
which restricted the audience for discussion in economics. To reach the majority of the
population, economics had to adapt its methodological format, giving up its analytical refinement.
The “popular” model of economics thus emerged. The aim of this article is to analyse a
point of intersection between these two models in the economic formulations of the first generation
of the Fabian Society, in particular, the contributions of George Bernard Shaw. Known
mainly for his literary texts, Shaw also wrote the articles on economics in the influential book
Fabian Essays in Socialism. The article is divided into three sections: an introduction; an exposition of Bernard Shaw’s formulations on economics in the Essays and a conclusion. The
main conclusion of the paper is that, in seeking an intersection between the scientific and popular
models of economics, Shaw ended up developing an eclectic formulation of economics,
sometimes juxtaposing elements of both neoclassical and Marxist economics.

JEL Classification: B13; B14.

Since 2017, Brazil’s capital markets have experienced significant expansion. The
prevalent view attributes this trend to the downsizing of the Brazilian Development Bank
(BNDES). This paper proposes an alternative interpretation through a comprehensive analysis
of data on BNDES and capital market operations. Our findings reveal substantial differences in borrower profiles, loan terms, standards on impact assessment of tax incentives, allocation
of resources, and the procyclicality of operations. We conclude that the substitution
of the BNDES for the capital market is largely overestimated and that there are negative consequences
that are commonly overlooked.

JEL Classification: G18; G20; G21; O16.

The progressivity of a country’s tax system can be crucial for reducing income
and regional inequalities. Focusing on the cases of Germany and Brazil, in this article we analyze
the tax system progressivity through an original indicator based on the Personal
Income Tax (PIT) and the Value Added Tax (VAT) to determine its association with income
and regional inequalities at the national and sub-national levels. We show that a progressive
tax system reduces income and regional inequalities.

JEL Classification: H20.

This article discusses the distributive role played by pension policy for gender equity
in Brazil. The evaluation of differences on retirement age among men and women reveals
low effectiveness, inadequate focus, high social cost and undesirable effects on sustainability
and equity of Brazilian social pensions. We present and assess proposals to converge
retirement ages among men and women and to extend the maternity benefit period. When
adopted jointly, these measures could improve pension policy design, leading to greater social
protection and positive impacts on gender equity.

JEL Classification: H55; J26; D63; J16.

The study examined the relationship between structural transformation and poverty
reduction in the Maghreb region. The study looked at the value-added proportion of gross
domestic product in the manufacturing, service, agricultural, and industrial sectors. The research
adopted the autoregressive distributed lag model. Data were sourced from World Bank
from 1990 to 2022. The ARDL results showed that the agricultural sector led to an increase in
poverty levels in the short run. In the long run, it was ascertained that the service sector and
manufacturing were useful for poverty reduction in the short run and long run.

JEL Classification: I32; L16; L52.